It was portrayed as a center of athletic and intellectual life. The author exhibits a personal interest in the events, but presents them as accurately as possible given his own commitment to the Maccabean dynasty as instituted by God. The Writer gives his final summary. 2nd century bc) Priestly family of Jews who organized a successful rebellion against Antiochus IV Epiphanes in Palestine and reconsecrated the defiled Temple of Jerusalem. Many scholars suggest that these Church Fathers may have had access to a Biblical Aramaic paraphrase of the workmost Christians writers of the time did not distinguish between Hebrew and Aramaic. These two books tell you a lot about Jewish self-definition in the second and first century bc. 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book written by a Jewish author and included in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of the Bible. Maccabees , (fl. The period of peace and prosperity is celebrated in a biblical-style poetic passage, the "Eulogy of Simon",[36] which Rappaport considers to be "one of the most important poetic passages in 1 Maccabees".[37]. It is not permitted to do evil that good may result. In the first chapter, Alexander the Great conquers the territory of Judea, and is later succeeded by the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Grimm indicates the time span for when the book could have been written to be from 105-64 b.c.e. The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCBs) mission is to encounter the mercy of Christ and to accompany His people with joy. The other Jews then reason that, when attacked, they must fight even on the holy day. The Maccabees then ruled over Israel, first as High Priests and then as High Priests and Princes of Israel. The author was an enthusiastic a supporter of the Maccabees who shows little sympathy with either their Jewish or Greek opponents. 2:4), the third son of Mattathias, the hero of the war of Jewish independence against Syria. The Greek text is extant in two of the three oldest codices of the Greek Septuagint: the Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Alexandrinus. [28] Verses 2332 record an agreement between Rome and the nation of the Jews, whereby each party would act as a willing ally of the other and refuse to supply their enemies in time of war, specific warning being given to Demetrius I Soter that this pact would be activated against him if requested by the Jews. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. This caused the Maccabean revolt, led by Mattathias and his sons. These heroes of the faith will not forsake the One God. And his servants bare rule, each one in his place. And they led captive the women and the children, and the cattle they took in possession. 2 Chronicles. The author seeks to promote the view that the Hasmoneans were indeed God's new chosen and would-be rulers in line with heroes of the Hebrew Bible. 16:2 And Simon called his two eldest sons, Judas and John, and said to them: I and my brethren, and my father's house, have fought against the enemies of Israel from our youth even to this day: and things have prospered so well in our hands that we have delivered . two main dynasties established themselves in the territories of his huge empirethe Ptolemies, who controlled Egypt and also Palestine up to 200 B.C. Look out for what you might learn about the Judaism of the period from the story. In the Church of England's lectionary of 1922 in the Book of Common Prayer, 1st Maccabees is appointed annually to be read in late summer/early autumn. This is alluded to in two other passages: Daniel 9:27. The rebellion began under the leadership of the Jewish priest Mattathias after Antiochus sought to stamp out Judaism by forbidding all Jewish practices and desecrating the temple (167 bc). He claims to have used and condensed a five-volume work by someone called Jason of Cyrene (which no longer exists) and appears to have introduced theological reflections onto the events as he went. Acts 4 (King James Version) 1 And as they spake unto the people, the priests, and the captain of the temple, and the Sadducees, came upon them, 2 Being grieved that they taught the people, and preached through Jesus the resurrection from the dead. Eusebius, in his book Church History, quotes Origen of Alexandria who says the original title of the work was Sarbth Sarbanael,[note 3] an enigmatic Greek transliteration from a putative Hebrew original title. The [] Many observant Jews flee from the capital, but others readily accept Antiochus' policies. St. Augustine wrote in The City of God that they were preserved for their accounts of the martyrs. As far as the dates of composition are concerned, these can be taken as approximately 100 B.C. Experts date the original Hebrew text sometime in the late second century B.C.E. VERSE 19. Judas's brother Simon Thassi is declared High Priest by will of the Jewish people. "Exodus ch. Every bridegroom took up lamentation, she that sat in the marriage chamber was in heaviness. 1 Maccabees. The doctrine expressed in the book is the customary belief of Israel, without the new developments which appear in 2Maccabees and Daniel. The people, in turn, must worship the Lord alone and observe exactly the precepts of the law given to them. VERSE 9. The origin of the word maccabee is unclear; it may derive from the Hebrew word maqqabi (= hammer)a reference to Judas physical strength and exploits. 3He advanced to the ends of the earth, and plundered many nations. There is one complete loss of a thousand Jews (men, women, and children) to Antiochus when the Jewish defenders refuse to fight on the Sabbath. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The narrative reports that news of the desolation reaches Mattathias and his five sons, a priestly family who live in Modein. And they did all put diadems upon themselves after that he was dead, and so did their sons after them many years: and they multiplied evils in the earth. Both Origen and Jerome claim to have seen a Hebrew text of 1 Maccabees. In Hebrew, the first letters of this four word slogan form the acronym MKBY. Registered charity 232759. The author of I Maccabees, likely the Hasmonean court historian, wrote his history during the high priesthood (135/134104 bce) of John Hyrcanus I, son and successor of Simon. A Greek version of the text was printed for the first time in 15141517 in the Complutensian Polyglot Bible. Protestants and Jews regard it as generally reliable historically, but not a part of holy scripture.. ISBN links support NWE through referral fees. It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish law, resulting in the Maccabean Revolt. III Maccabees has no relation to the other three books of Maccabees, all of which deal with the revolt of Judaea against Antiochus IV Epiphanes. [35] Simon fortifies Jerusalem (1 Maccabees 13:10) and secures the reoccupation of Joppa (1 Maccabees 13:11), leading the people in peace and prosperity until he is murdered by agents of Ptolemy, son of Abubus, who had been named governor of the region by the Macedonian Greeks. Jerome likewise claims "the first book of Maccabees I have found to be Hebrew, the second is Greek, as can be proved from the very style" (per Prologus Galeatus). 13-16). Hellenization included the construction of gymnasia in Jerusalem. Alexander the Great. However, this original Hebrew has been lost, and the work only survives in translation in Koine Greek contained in the Septuagint, the Greek version of the Jewish scriptures. According to the text, some Jewish men even engaged in foreskin restoration in order to pass as fully Greek. VERSE 2. First Maccabees or 1 Maccabees is most famous as the source of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. Omissions? In 1 Maccabees, those dissatisfied with the Hasmoneans "hated their nation"[39] as a whole; the Hasmoneans were equated with Judea itself. In the middle of the week he will cause the sacrifice and the offering to cease. It came to pass, after that Alexander the Macedonian, the son of Philip, who came out of the land of Chittim, and struck Darius king of the Persians and Medes, it came to pass, after he had struck him, that he reigned in his stead, in former time, over Greece. This is a terrible punishment. It is a deuterocanonical work in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition, and apocryphal in Protestant tradition. The time period described is from around 170 BC to 134 BC. [64], The Roman Catholic Lectionary makes use of texts from 1 Maccabees 1 to 6, along with texts from 2 Maccabees 6 and 7, in the weekday readings for the 33rd week in Ordinary Time, in year 1 of the two-year cycle of readings, always in November, and as one of the options available for readings for the dedication of an altar and as one of the suggested readings at a Mass celebrated to honour persecuted Christians.[65]. VERSE 43. and many of Israel consented to his worship, and sacrificed to the idols, and profaned the Sabbath. And at the doors of the houses and in the streets they burned incense. The first book was written in Hebrew, although what we have is only a Greek translation; the second, written in Greek, shows that the author had a good grasp of Greek rhetoric and the Greek language, which suggests he may have been from Alexandria. The history presented is very accurate, comparing favorably to pagan historians such as Livy or Tacitus. VERSE 23. In any case, the name later came to be used for Judah's brothers as as a family name, as well as to each of the books of "Maccabee. He refuses to comply with Antiochus' officers and, in an act of utter defiance, murders a Jew who attempts to offer pagan sacrifice, killing the officer as well. The doctrine expressed in the book reflects traditional Jewish teaching, without later doctrines found, for example, in 2 Maccabees. Later Jewish leaders thought poorly of the rule of the Hasmonean dynasty for several reasons, and a document so openly celebratory of them was problematic. The kingdom began to decline under Ptolemy IV Philopator, who was a bad administrator and led a dissolute life. Other texts lay stress on the intercession of the saints and the value of prayers for the dead (12:43-46), which are the basis of the dogma of the communion of saints. First Maccabees gives a detailed account of the struggle in Palestine over a period of fifty years, from the time Antiochus IV Epiphanes came to the throne up to the death of Simon, the last of the Maccabee brothers (134 B.C.). Talk about how this story might have inspired the Jews of Jesus day in the light of their oppression by the Romans. This page was last edited on 16 October 2020, at 19:27. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&oldid=1044072, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. Thus 1 Maccabeesas well as the other books of this genrefaced a major political obstacle to their acceptance. More wars involving Judas and his brothers Simon and Jonathan are reported in chapters 5, 6 and 7. VERSE 41. If it really was originally written in Greek, then the author was intentionally imitating Hebrew style in Greek. That is, he spoke deceitfully. 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book written by a Jewish author and included in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of the Bible. At Explore the Faith, I share insights into the Bible and theological writings. Pope Damasus I's Council of Rome in 382, if the Gelasian Decree is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical with the list given at Trent including the two books of Maccabees. Chapter 6 reports the last days of Antiochus Epiphanes and the accession of his young son Antiochus V Eupator to the throne. [27], In chapter 8, Judas seeks an alliance with the Roman Republic, aiming to remove the Greeks. The early Seleucid rulers were tolerant of the political and religious cultures of the territories they controlled, but things changed when Antiochus IV Epiphanes came to power, and the scene in Palestine became one of persecution and war. He then calls forth the people to holy war against the Gentiles and their Jewish collaborators. Throughout the early Christian period, IV Maccabees was wrongly attributed to Josephus. They establish a gymnasium, where men socialized in the nude. And the inhabitants of Jerusalem fled because of them; and she became a habitation of strangers, and she became strange to those who were born in her, and her children forsook her. Simon, who was called Thassi; Journey through the Bible, one book at a time, with the 2nd edition of our Books of the Bible journal. Naturally, any account of the war of liberation led by Judas Maccabeus would have this effect and would show that victory was due to Gods powerful aid (2:19-22). Chapter 14 also features a long panegyric praising Simon as a worthy leader.[10]. He achieves semi-independence from the Seleucid Empire and gains recognition of his rulership from the Roman Senate in 139. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. That is, men of Israel came forth. [44] For the author, bold military action while living is the proper response to oppression. [30], After the death of Judas and a period of lawlessness,[31] he is succeeded by his brother Jonathan Apphus, whose battles with the Greek general Bacchides are recounted in chapter 9. He may well have played some part in it himself in his youth. VERSE 5. Compare 1 Maccabees 10:65. 1 Maccabees follows this story until the death of Simon (the third son of Mattathias to rule over Israel) at the hands of the some Egyptian Greeks (from about 175-134 bc). 2He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and put to death the kings of the earth. The rabbinical sages of this period had learned from experience that revolt against the Gentiles (in this case the Romans) brought disaster. VERSE 59. INTRODUCING MATTATHIAS. Antipathy toward the Seleucid-friendly Hellenizing Jews is unsurprising, as they were enemies in war, but 1 Maccabees extends criticism to internal Jewish opponents of the Hasmoneans as well. She, having offered God the lives of her sons, then offers herself in sacrifice, giving an example of fortitude and also of that faith in which she had reared her children. That is, about 176 BC. ALEXANDER THE GREAT. He also confirms alliances with both Rome and Sparta (1 Macc. 63 Today they will be exalted, but tomorrow they will not be found, because they will have returned to the dust, and their plans will have perished. Maccabees , (fl. VERSE 25. More. He then imposes a tax and establishes a fortress in Jerusalem. Jonathan A. Goldstein argues that the book was not imitative of older scriptures merely in linguistic style, but also in content; that is, the author adjusted or invented events to make them fit Biblical parallels better.[51]. The First Book of Macabbees is recognized as Deuterocanonical Scripture by the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. 2 He had five sons: John, who was called Gaddi; 3 Simon, who It promotes commitment to Gods covenant as the path to prosperity, and the doctrine of the resurrection of the body. The narrative is primarily prose text, but is interrupted by seven poetic sections, which imitate classical Hebrew poetry. Despite this, the book is not included as canon in the Tanakh. VERSE 6. Jonathan is eventually captured by the Seleucid Greek ruler Diodotus Tryphon. And there came exceedingly great wrath upon Israel. According to 1 Maccabees, there were some early groups of Jewish rebels who refused to fight on the Sabbath, and perished accordingly (1 Maccabees 2:29-38) until the Maccabean patriarch Mattathias decided to change the law and permit defensive warfare on the Sabbath (2:39-41). 1 Maccabees 1:54. And the saying was good in their eyes. Another explanation concerns the different origins of the books. (He had previously become king of Greece.) This usage of "Maccabees" as a group-term may have originated in Greek, as no usage of it in Hebrew to refer to the rebels survives from any era earlier than the 19th century.[10]. He even attempts to force Jewish leaders to sacrifice to pagan idols. (1 Maccabees 2.62-64). Book of Deuteronomy. Some Jews went along with the changes. It is considered one of the most accurate accounts of Jewish history for the period which it covers. As a part of the revolt, the Temple was freed from . In the book itself, "Maccabee" is used solely as a personal title for Judah Maccabee (Latinized as Judas Maccabeus). 1:7 So Alexander reigned twelves years, and then died. For more details about the Maccabees family and battles with the Greeks, please read 1 Maccabees. the hundred and thirty and seventh year. In 168 BC, he desecrates the Temple by setting up an "abomination of desolation" (establishing rites of pagan observance in the Temple, or sacrificing an unclean animal on the altar in the Holy of Holies). [41] The book dismisses a defeat suffered by other commanders named Joseph and Azariah as because "they did not listen to Judas and his brothers. He also forbids circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures, imposing the death penalty for those who disobey. Related to this is the issue that including 1 Maccabees in the canon may have given legitimacy to other texts in the Septuagint that were more problematic for the rabbis. Flavius Josephus, the first century Jewish historian, carries the story forward; only he gives the surname Hasmoneus, which applies to the successors of the early Maccabees up to Aristobulus II. (Das erste Buch der Maccaber [Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zu 20 And now we have . VERSE 7. came there forth out of Israel. Rather, the book refers to "heaven" (ourans) instead, such as Judas saying in a speech that "It is not on the size of the army that victory in battle depends, but strength comes from Heaven. ; and the Seleucids, who took over large parts of the Middle East and moved into Palestine in 200 B.C. In 285 he abdicated in favor of his son Ptolemy II, who became involved in a struggle with the Seleucid kings. The king will require Jews to reject their Covenant with the One God. The setting of the book is about a century after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, when the country was part of the Greek Seleucid Empire. Thus did they in their might to Israel, to those that were found month by month in the cities. Pride goes before destruction, and an arrogant spirit before a fall. All this shows that these inspired books are well worth prayerful reading, particularly the second, which provides us with many edifying examples especially the humility which leads its protagonists to trust in God, their fortitude in defending their faith, their patience in dealing with obstacles to observance of the Law, and their deep piety, as shown in their prayer for their dead comrades. Rather, it comes from the Septuagint, which gave it that title to distinguish it from the other books of the Maccabees. Buy Also Available At: . The Septuagint was preserved by early Christians as the basis for the Christian Old Testament. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeateda King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. Pre-modern translations of the work were made in Latin, Syriac, and Armenian. [44] That said, our knowledge of the Sadducees is scant, so it is difficult to know for sure. The Ptolemy kingdom was founded by Ptolemy I, the son of a Macedonian nobleman. 2 Simon now had the effrontery to name this benefactor of the city, this protector of his . VERSE 16. Antiochus persecutes the Jewish people. British and Foreign Bible Society operates in England, Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.We also work with a network of local Bible Societies around the world. by Daniel R. Schwartz. 12:1-23). Many Christians base their moral decisions on outcomes. 2 Maccabees, curiously, says nothing about thisdespite its . Thus, for example, in 2 Maccabees 12:43 there is Judas act of faith in the resurrection and salvation of his fallen soldiers, but he realizes that they must atone for their sins in the next life, and he wishes to help them in this and asks for prayers from the living. THE FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES. It has traditionally been considered highly trustworthy, although it is to some extent the "official" version of history according to the Hasmoneans and from the Maccabean point of view. 1 Maccabees,[note 1] also known as the First Book of Maccabees, First Maccabees, and abbreviated as 1 Macc., is a deuterocanonical book which details the history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire as well as the founding and earliest history of the independent Hasmonean kingdom. While enforcement may be targeting only Jewish leaders, ordinary Jews were also killed as a warning to others. That said, the author is still proud of forging alliances with others, citing negotiations with the Roman Republic and Sparta. And on the fifteenth day of Chislev, in the hundred and forty and fifth year, they built an abomination of desolation upon the altar, and in the cities of Judah on every side they built idol altars. The origin of the word "maccabee" is unclear; it may derive from the Hebrew word maqqabi (= hammer)a reference to Judas' physical strength and exploits. I Maccabees is the only contemporary source for the civil wars in Judaea, and the only surviving one for Judaean-Syrian relations after the reign of Antiochus IV. They are in the Public Domain. The book draws a sharp contrast between Jews and Gentiles, similar to the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. [note 2] All agree that the book was written before 63 BC, as the author shows great admiration toward Rome and does not know of the Roman general Pompey conquering Jerusalem and reducing the Hasmonean kingdom to a client state of the Roman Republic in that year. That is, a gymnasium. Second Maccabees includes a different edition of the first seven chapters of 1 Maccabees and was written at a later date, likely in Alexandria, Egypt. Bible Society, Stonehill Green, Westlea, Swindon SN5 7DG. The rise of Antiochus IV Epiphanes. 2 Maccabees, instead of covering later years, shines a microscope on the first fifteen years of the same period, drawing its own lessons (which I . 1 Maccabees 1. "[42][43] All of this makes clear that God has specifically chosen a new dynasty to rule Judea, the Hasmoneans. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. During the Protestant Reformation, the book (along with other books in the Catholic deuterocanon) was classed as biblical apocrypha in Protestantism, material useful for background but not canonical. VERSE 64. At this point the book ends. . There are seven poetic sections in the book that imitate the style of classical Hebrew poetry: four laments (1:2528, 3640; 2:713; 3:45), and three hymns of praise of our fathers (2:5164), of Judas (3:39), and of Simon (14:415). He will make a firm covenant with many for one week. Scholarly estimates for the date of authorship include: Roman Missal, Lectionary, Revised Edition approved for use in the dioceses of England and Wales, Scotland, Ireland, published by Collins, Geoffrey Chapman and Veritas, 1981, 1982, volumes 2 and 3, The Revolt of the Maccabees: The True Story Behind Hanukkah, "The date of the first Book of Maccabees", "MACCABEES, THE - JewishEncyclopedia.com", "The Original Language of 1 Maccabees: A Reexamination,", "1 Maccabees, the first book of Maccabees", Session IV Celebrated on the eighth day of April, 1546 under Pope Paul III, The First Book of Machabees Liber I Machaborum, Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&oldid=1141777926, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 3:1 to 9:22, under the leadership of Judas Maccabeus, 9:23 to 12:53, under the leadership of Jonathan, Chapters 1316, under the leadership of Simon. [11][12], The title "1 Maccabees" is not the original title of the work. 2 Maccabees recaps some of the story (until the events of 161 bc) and adds in details about Gods intervention into the events reports. It purports to be a historical account of the repression and miraculous salvation of Egyptian Jewry during the reign (221205 bce) of Ptolemy IV Philopator. Attempts to discredit the work as essentially fiction have been discounted even by strongly critical scholars today. Finally, after Matthathias dies, his son Judas succeeds in liberating the Temple precincts and reconsecrating the Temple itself in 165 B.C.E. He plays one faction off against the other, obtaining various benefits for the Jews in exchange for his military support. Although the author of the first book devotes a lot of space to wars and political intrigues extending over a period of forty years, his primary purpose is a religious one. According to all these words wrote he to his whole kingdom; and he appointed overseers over all the people, and he commanded the cities of Judah to sacrifice, city by city. And after two full years the king sent a chief collector of tribute to the cities of Judah, and he came to Jerusalem with a great multitude. Judas's Maccabee title is generally tied to the Aramaic word maqqaba ("makebet" in modern Hebrew), "hammer" or "sledgehammer", in recognition of his prowess in battle. The words "God" and "Lord" never occur in the text, always being replaced by "Heaven" or "He.". This history includes battles with Antiochus IV and his son. And they tore in pieces the books of the law which they found, and set them on fire. hanged their babes about their necks. 1:9). [33], Proposed alliances with Rome and with Areus of Sparta are covered in 1 Maccabees 12:123. 1:10 And there came out of them a wicked root Antiochus surnamed Epiphanes, son of Antiochus the VERSE 2. Even in stories set during the Maccabean period, references to Judas by name were explicitly removed to avoid hero-worship of the Hasmonean line. Ps 119:89-90). Alexandra was succeeded by another son, Aristobulus II. That is, about 170 BC. They will not live a lie. First Maccabees covers the efforts of the Jewish people to regain their freedom following the desecration of the temple by Antiochus IV Epiphanes. By the end of the war, Simon was the only one of the five sons of Mattathias to survive and he ushered in an 80-year period of Jewish . The book is not part of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and is not considered canonical by Protestant denominations nor in any of the major branches of Judaism. He forbids observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. On his journey, the son Tobias meets Sarah, who is afflicted by a demon. [5] The entire work is generally considered to be a unity composed by a single author on both philological and thematic grounds, although there are occasional short passages sometimes contested as potentially being added at a later date. And there came great mourning upon Israel, in every place where they were; the beauty of the women was changed. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The author is unknown. , bold military action while living is the proper response to oppression a book... Have seen a Hebrew text sometime in the City of God that they were ; beauty... Who disobey his young son Antiochus V Eupator to the text, but is interrupted by poetic. Territories of his rulership from the story action while living is the customary belief of Israel, to that! Put to death the kings of the martyrs the accession of his young son Antiochus V Eupator to the,... 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